{ "_description": "Generated from data/ — edit the sources, not this file. The agent access guide explains the evidence boundary of every field.", "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "kind": "entry", "locale": "en", "id": "preselection", "name": { "zh": "操纵性预选", "en": "Manipulative Preselection" }, "page": "https://designvocabulary.com/en/entries/preselection/", "self": "https://designvocabulary.com/en/entries/preselection.json", "alternates": { "zh-CN": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/entries/preselection.json", "en": "https://designvocabulary.com/en/entries/preselection.json" }, "site": { "catalogSchemaVersion": "0.1.0", "entries": 158, "index": "https://designvocabulary.com/en/entries/index.json", "query": "https://designvocabulary.com/api/query?lang=en", "guide": "https://designvocabulary.com/en/agents/", "llms": "https://designvocabulary.com/llms.txt" }, "provenance": { "sourceBacked": [ "entry.definition" ], "editorial": [ "entry.boundary", "entry.signature", "entry.when", "entry.when_not", "entry.tradeoff", "entry.comparison", "entry.rules", "entry.relations", "entry.implementationNote", "entry.anti" ], "scope": "Definitions reference these sources. Digital specimens, selection advice, relationships, and recipes are editorial work and have not been validated through user research.", "editorialStatus": "drafted", "specimenData": "fictional", "specimenNote": "Original fictional specimens. Definitions cite sources; usage advice and recipes are editorial.", "sources": [ { "id": "deceptive-preselection", "url": "https://www.deceptive.design/types/preselection", "title": "Deceptive Patterns · Preselection", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "status": "available", "confirmed": true, "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916060004/https://deceptive.design/types/preselection/", "capturedAt": "2026-09-16T06:00:04Z", "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://www.deceptive.design/types/preselection" } }, { "id": "gdpr-art-4-11", "url": "https://gdpr-info.eu/art-4-gdpr/", "title": "gdpr-info.eu · Art. 4 GDPR: Definitions (11) Consent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "status": "available", "confirmed": true, "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916052653/https://gdpr-info.eu/art-4-gdpr/", "capturedAt": "2026-09-16T05:26:53Z", "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://gdpr-info.eu/art-4-gdpr/" } }, { "id": "gdpr-recital-32", "url": "https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/no-32/", "title": "gdpr-info.eu · Recital 32: Conditions for consent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "status": "available", "confirmed": true, "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916060059/https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/no-32/", "capturedAt": "2026-09-16T06:00:59Z", "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/no-32/" } } ], "lists": [ { "id": "A-C", "edition": "classic", "seat": 5, "origin": "issue-1-ledger", "page": "https://designvocabulary.com/en/lists/A-C/", "json": "https://designvocabulary.com/en/lists/A-C.json" }, { "id": "A-Y", "edition": "2026-focus", "seat": 4, "origin": "issue-1-ledger", "page": "https://designvocabulary.com/en/lists/A-Y/", "json": "https://designvocabulary.com/en/lists/A-Y.json" } ], "ordered": false, "listDisclaimer": "Seat numbers are editorial positions, not scores, rankings, or popularity measurements. A list that is not filled is left as it is." }, "entry": { "id": "preselection", "type": "anti", "name": { "zh": "操纵性预选", "en": "Manipulative Preselection" }, "aliases": [ "预先勾选", "默认选中陷阱", "Pre-ticked Default" ], "granularity": "component", "intents": [ "audit-choice", "protect-privacy" ], "tags": [ "anti-pattern", "default settings", "pre-ticked", "informed consent", "privacy" ], "definition": "Set the option that benefits the business — a consent checkbox, an added extra, a pricier tier — as the default, exploiting the tendency not to notice or not to bother changing a default, so that money, data, or consent transfers without an active choice.", "boundary": "A default itself is a necessary and useful mechanism; the failure is a default that transfers money, data, or consent without an active choice. Different from confirmshaming: the pressure here comes from the default state itself, not from any belittling wording. Different from visual interference: visual interference relies on visual weight to make one option stand out; here the problem holds even with a perfectly neutral visual treatment, because the default has already made a business-favoring choice on the person's behalf.", "signature": [ "A consent checkbox, subscription upgrade, or data-sharing option is already ticked rather than left blank for the person to choose", "The default in a checkout or settings flow adds a pricier tier, an extra item, or more data sharing than the person has expressed a preference for, matching the business's interest rather than theirs", "The person must actively find and remove the default before they return to a state with no extra charge or data sharing" ], "when": [ "Auditing the default state of consent checkboxes, subscription tier selection, or data-sharing toggles", "Auditing a checkout flow for add-ons, insurance, or a pricier tier that is added or selected by default" ], "when_not": [ "Recommending it as a way to raise conversion or average order value", "Flagging every use of a default as this anti-pattern — a default is a necessary mechanism; the problem is only whether it moves money, data, or consent without an active choice" ], "tradeoff": "Repair by turning off any default that adds cost or shares data until the person actively opts in; consent must be completed through an explicit affirmative action rather than a pre-ticked box waiting to be noticed and unchecked; this adds one extra click or choice, but returns the decision to the person.", "comparison": { "focus": "Whether the default state itself transfers money, data, or consent without an active choice", "mechanism": "Setting the business-favoring option as the default and relying on the default effect and inaction", "cost": "People carry a charge, data share, or consent they never actively chose, often discovered later in a bill or in how their data was used" }, "sources": [ { "id": "deceptive-preselection", "title": "Deceptive Patterns · Preselection", "url": "https://www.deceptive.design/types/preselection", "claim": "Defines preselection as presenting a default option already selected on the person's behalf to influence their decision, exploiting the default-effect bias, and cites a 2021 campaign donation page that used a pre-ticked checkbox to induce an extra donation.", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://www.deceptive.design/types/preselection", "status": "available", "checkedAt": "2026-09-16T05:59:41.156Z", "jobId": "spn2-101f2f15d5d34388ba83619478dce48d6bdb9034", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916060004/https://deceptive.design/types/preselection/", "timestamp": "20260916060004" } }, { "id": "gdpr-art-4-11", "title": "gdpr-info.eu · Art. 4 GDPR: Definitions (11) Consent", "url": "https://gdpr-info.eu/art-4-gdpr/", "claim": "Article 4(11) defines consent as any freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous indication of the data subject's wishes given by a statement or by a clear affirmative action signifying agreement to processing; this supports the rule that consent must come from an active action.", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://gdpr-info.eu/art-4-gdpr/", "status": "available", "checkedAt": "2026-09-16T05:25:53.778Z", "jobId": "spn2-34fc4f6a34caf6ee071698524a9e62244ec0967b", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916052653/https://gdpr-info.eu/art-4-gdpr/", "timestamp": "20260916052653" } }, { "id": "gdpr-recital-32", "title": "gdpr-info.eu · Recital 32: Conditions for consent", "url": "https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/no-32/", "claim": "States plainly that silence, pre-ticked boxes, or inactivity should not constitute consent, and that consent should be given by a clear affirmative act such as ticking a box on a website; this supports the finding that a pre-ticked box is not valid consent.", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/no-32/", "status": "available", "checkedAt": "2026-09-22T14:49:41.541Z", "jobId": "spn2-dc5e7158eeb04a7715be8d56b2ff2737d61f0244", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916060059/https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/no-32/", "timestamp": "20260916060059" } } ], "relations": [ { "target": "privacy-by-design", "kind": "conflicts_when", "condition": "A default governing personal-data processing is set to collect more data rather than the minimum", "reason": "Privacy by design requires the default to be the most protective reasonable option; manipulative preselection sets the default in the opposite direction, so the two directly conflict on which way the default should point.", "basis": "editorial" }, { "target": "hidden-subscription", "kind": "composes_with", "condition": "A pre-selected paid tier or add-on silently converts to ongoing billing after a trial", "reason": "Preselection decides what is chosen by default at entry; hidden subscription decides whether that later becomes clearly disclosed as recurring billing. The two mechanisms often appear together and should be logged separately.", "basis": "editorial" }, { "target": "confirmshaming", "kind": "related", "condition": "Auditing whether a choice was informed and voluntary", "reason": "Both influence free choice without outright coercion, but by different pressure mechanisms: one relies on the default state itself, the other on belittling decline wording; check them separately.", "basis": "editorial" } ], "rules": [ { "when": "Designing any data processing or charge that requires the person's consent", "instruction": "Consent must be completed through the person's explicit affirmative action; the option must not be pre-ticked.", "strength": "must", "basis": "editorial" }, { "when": "A default option would add cost or share more data", "instruction": "That option must default to off until the person actively chooses to turn it on.", "strength": "must", "basis": "editorial" }, { "when": "Presenting a default option at the point of choice", "instruction": "State plainly, right next to it, what the default actually does, including cost or data use.", "strength": "recommend", "basis": "editorial" } ], "anti": { "harm": "People end up carrying an extra charge, data share, or consent they never actively chose, often discovered only afterward", "repair": "Turn off any default that adds cost or shares data, complete consent through an explicit affirmative action, and state what each default does at the point of choice." }, "demo": null, "version": "0.1.0", "editorialStatus": "drafted", "requirements": [], "demoCapabilities": [], "implementationNote": "No operable specimen exists yet; the illustration is editorial. Before applying this to a product, verify whether the default option can actually be found and turned off easily, whether the disclosure appears at the exact point of choice, and the specific pre-ticking and consent-validity requirements of the relevant jurisdiction.", "image": { "src": "/images/preselection.webp", "alt": "A fictional FIELDNOTES checkout page where several toggles in an option list are already switched on and one add-on line has been added by default to the summary block, with a small warning triangle beside the pre-ticked row." }, "searchTerms": [ "反模式", "默认设置", "预先勾选", "知情同意", "隐私" ] } }