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  "id": "bait-and-switch",
  "name": {
    "zh": "诱饵转换",
    "en": "Bait and Switch"
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      "entry.comparison",
      "entry.rules",
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    "scope": "定义参考以上来源；数字界面示例、选择建议、条件关系及配方由本样例编辑，尚未经用户研究验证。",
    "editorialStatus": "drafted",
    "specimenData": "fictional",
    "specimenNote": "示例为原创虚构界面；定义附来源，用法与配方为编辑建议。",
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "baitswitch-darkpatterns-org",
        "url": "https://www.darkpatterns.org/types-of-dark-pattern/bait-and-switch",
        "title": "darkpatterns.org · Bait and Switch (Harry Brignull)",
        "checkedAt": "2026-10-20",
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        "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/16/238.0",
        "title": "Cornell LII · 16 CFR § 238.0 – Bait advertising defined",
        "checkedAt": "2026-10-20",
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      {
        "id": "baitswitch-deceptive-design-types",
        "url": "https://www.deceptive.design/types",
        "title": "Deceptive Patterns · Types of deceptive pattern (Harry Brignull)",
        "checkedAt": "2026-10-20",
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  "entry": {
    "id": "bait-and-switch",
    "type": "anti",
    "name": {
      "zh": "诱饵转换",
      "en": "Bait and Switch"
    },
    "aliases": [
      "Bait-and-Switch",
      "Bait Advertising",
      "Misleading Action",
      "偷梁换柱",
      "诱售"
    ],
    "granularity": "flow",
    "intents": [
      "audit-choice",
      "audit-pricing"
    ],
    "tags": [
      "反模式",
      "欺骗性设计",
      "误导",
      "控件语义",
      "营销"
    ],
    "definition": "用户为了做一件事而行动，结果发生的却是另一件、不想要的事：一个按钮、链接或优惠在用户行动之前看上去是一回事，在用户行动之后变成了另一回事。",
    "boundary": "本词条的机制是\"行动前后的结果被调换\"。它与伪装广告不同：伪装广告让广告冒充成别的界面元素，用户点的东西从一开始就不是它看上去的样子；诱饵转换中，用户点的确实是一个约定俗成的控件或一项真实展示的优惠，只是结果被换掉了。它也与隐藏费用不同：隐藏费用是同一件商品的总价到流程后段才完整披露，商品本身没有变；诱饵转换换掉的是结果本身——被宣传的商品点进去就\"不可得\"，页面转而推荐更贵的替代品，或者\"关闭\"按钮被改成了\"同意\"。它与诺曼门的区别在于意图：诺曼门的线索与操作不符多出于疏忽，诱饵转换则是借用户对惯例的信任来换取一个他们不会主动选择的结果。在商业法规中这一名称另有定义（例如美国联邦贸易委员会的诱饵广告指南），本词条借用它描述界面层面的同类机制，不对任何具体案例作法律判断。",
    "signature": [
      "约定俗成的控件（例如关闭按钮）被赋予相反或无关的结果",
      "被宣传的优惠在用户点进来之后变得不可得，页面随即推荐其他商品",
      "用户在操作完成之后才发现结果与预期不同"
    ],
    "when": [
      "审查营销落地页与弹窗中宣传的优惠，在用户到达时是否确实可得",
      "审查控件的实际结果是否与其外观和惯例一致"
    ],
    "when_not": [
      "作为提升转化或推动升级的手段",
      "以\"小字里已写明\"为由改变控件或优惠的实际结果"
    ],
    "tradeoff": "修复的方向是让用户行动前看到的就是行动后得到的：宣传的优惠要么可得，要么在宣传处标明库存与资格条件；约定俗成的控件只做约定俗成的事。代价是失去一部分靠误操作或\"先把人引进来\"换来的转化，但这部分转化本就伴随着投诉、退款与信任损失。",
    "comparison": {
      "focus": "用户行动之后，结果被换成了另一回事",
      "mechanism": "以可信的控件或优惠引导行动，再调换行动的结果",
      "cost": "用户得到非本意的结果，并从此不再相信界面的惯例"
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "baitswitch-darkpatterns-org",
        "title": "darkpatterns.org · Bait and Switch (Harry Brignull)",
        "url": "https://www.darkpatterns.org/types-of-dark-pattern/bait-and-switch",
        "claim": "该页面（Harry Brignull 创建，2019 年由 Alexander Darlo 编辑）把诱饵转换定义为：用户打算做一件事，却发生了另一件不想要的事；并以 2016 年 Windows 10 升级弹窗为例，说明弹窗把右上角\"X\"按钮从惯常的\"关闭\"改成了\"是，我要升级\"。原网址现已失效（检查日返回 404），内容依据互联网档案馆 2019 年 12 月 31 日的存档核对。本词条的定义据此转述。",
        "checkedAt": "2026-10-20",
        "archive": {
          "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20261020*/https://www.darkpatterns.org/types-of-dark-pattern/bait-and-switch",
          "status": "pending",
          "checkedAt": "2026-10-20T08:00:33.259Z",
          "error": "save-request-failed",
          "jobId": "spn2-e0b9477b217a4a678e416b7f3731dd1ca956f4b7"
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      },
      {
        "id": "baitswitch-16cfr238",
        "title": "Cornell LII · 16 CFR § 238.0 – Bait advertising defined",
        "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/16/238.0",
        "claim": "美国联邦法规第 16 编第 238 部分（Guides Against Bait Advertising）第 238.0 节把诱饵广告定义为：一种诱人但不真诚的出售商品或服务的要约，广告主实际上并不打算或不想出售所宣传的商品；其目的是把消费者从所宣传商品转向另一件商品，后者通常价格更高或条件对广告主更有利。本词条据此说明这一名称在商业法规中的含义，并据以支持\"被宣传的优惠不可得、转而推荐替代品\"这一典型表现。",
        "checkedAt": "2026-10-20",
        "archive": {
          "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20261020*/https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/16/238.0",
          "status": "pending",
          "checkedAt": "2026-10-20T08:00:37.463Z",
          "error": "save-request-failed",
          "jobId": "spn2-f3081bc0c403f6a1f45926f381a4bccd5d5fb99d"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "baitswitch-deceptive-design-types",
        "title": "Deceptive Patterns · Types of deceptive pattern (Harry Brignull)",
        "url": "https://www.deceptive.design/types",
        "claim": "该网站是 Harry Brignull 的欺骗性设计目录的现址；检查日其类型列表共 18 种，其中包括隐藏费用、伪装广告等，但不再单列 bait and switch。本词条据此说明：诱饵转换出自该目录的早期分类，在现行分类中最接近的条目是隐藏费用与伪装广告，因而本词条需要明确与这两者的边界。",
        "checkedAt": "2026-10-20",
        "archive": {
          "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20261020*/https://www.deceptive.design/types",
          "status": "unconfirmed",
          "checkedAt": "2026-10-20T08:00:39.564Z",
          "error": "save-request-failed"
        }
      }
    ],
    "relations": [
      {
        "target": "disguised-ads",
        "kind": "related",
        "condition": "用户点击了一个看似普通的界面元素",
        "reason": "伪装广告冒充的是元素本身，诱饵转换调换的是一个真实元素的结果；两者都利用用户对界面惯例的信任，但应分别记录。",
        "basis": "editorial"
      },
      {
        "target": "hidden-costs",
        "kind": "related",
        "condition": "宣传的低价在流程中发生了变化",
        "reason": "隐藏费用是同一件商品的总价被晚披露，诱饵转换是被宣传的商品本身被换掉；判断时先看商品是否还是那件商品。",
        "basis": "editorial"
      },
      {
        "target": "norman-door",
        "kind": "related",
        "condition": "控件的实际结果与其外观不符",
        "reason": "两者都让外观与结果脱节，区别在于意图：诺曼门多出于疏忽，诱饵转换是有意借用惯例换取用户不会主动选择的结果。",
        "basis": "editorial"
      },
      {
        "target": "consistency",
        "kind": "conflicts_when",
        "condition": "约定俗成的控件被赋予了不同的结果",
        "reason": "用户依赖惯例操作，惯例一旦被利用，用户此后对每一个同类控件都要先怀疑再操作。",
        "basis": "editorial"
      },
      {
        "target": "trust-calibration",
        "kind": "conflicts_when",
        "condition": "用户发现结果与行动前的预期不符",
        "reason": "一次调换就足以让用户下调对整个产品的信任，连其中诚实的控件与优惠也一并受损。",
        "basis": "editorial"
      }
    ],
    "rules": [
      {
        "when": "控件或优惠在用户行动前展示了某种结果",
        "instruction": "确保行动后的实际结果与之一致；不得把约定俗成的控件（例如关闭）改为执行其他操作。",
        "strength": "must",
        "basis": "editorial"
      },
      {
        "when": "宣传的优惠存在库存或资格限制",
        "instruction": "在宣传处标明限制；优惠不可得时明确告知，而不是直接把用户转向其他商品。",
        "strength": "recommend",
        "basis": "editorial"
      }
    ],
    "anti": {
      "harm": "借用户对惯例与宣传的信任，让他们得到一个不会主动选择的结果，并使界面的惯例从此失去可信度",
      "repair": "让行动前看到的就是行动后得到的：控件只做约定俗成的事，宣传的优惠要么可得，要么在宣传处标明限制，不可得时明确告知。"
    },
    "demo": null,
    "version": "0.1.0",
    "editorialStatus": "drafted",
    "requirements": [],
    "demoCapabilities": [],
    "implementationNote": "本词条是警示条目，不作为设计选用建议，也不对任何具体案例作法律判断；插画为编辑示意，其中的弹窗与优惠均为虚构。审查时可逐一点击每个宣传入口与关闭控件，记录点击前的预期与点击后的实际结果，两者不一致之处即需复核。",
    "image": {
      "src": "/images/bait-and-switch.webp",
      "alt": "一张示意图：一个带 FIELDNOTES 标记的虚构弹窗，右上角是常见的关闭叉号，一只光标正点在叉号上；一支箭头指向右侧的下一屏，出现的不是关闭后的页面，而是一个带进度条的安装面板；弹窗底部有一行灰色占位条，表示不易察觉的小字。"
    },
    "searchTerms": [
      "anti-pattern",
      "deceptive design",
      "misleading",
      "control semantics",
      "marketing"
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}