{ "_description": "本文件由 data/ 生成：请改动来源文件，不要改这里。各字段的证据边界见接入指南。", "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "kind": "entry", "locale": "zh-CN", "id": "cognitive-load", "name": { "zh": "认知负荷", "en": "Cognitive Load" }, "page": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/entries/cognitive-load/", "self": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/entries/cognitive-load.json", "alternates": { "zh-CN": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/entries/cognitive-load.json", "en": "https://designvocabulary.com/en/entries/cognitive-load.json" }, "site": { "catalogSchemaVersion": "0.1.0", "entries": 158, "index": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/entries/index.json", "query": "https://designvocabulary.com/api/query?lang=zh", "guide": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/agents/", "llms": "https://designvocabulary.com/llms.txt" }, "provenance": { "sourceBacked": [ "entry.definition" ], "editorial": [ "entry.boundary", "entry.signature", "entry.when", "entry.when_not", "entry.tradeoff", "entry.comparison", "entry.rules", "entry.relations", "entry.implementationNote", "entry.principle" ], "scope": "定义参考以上来源；数字界面示例、选择建议、条件关系及配方由本样例编辑，尚未经用户研究验证。", "editorialStatus": "drafted", "specimenData": "fictional", "specimenNote": "示例为原创虚构界面；定义附来源，用法与配方为编辑建议。", "sources": [ { "id": "nng-minimize-cognitive-load", "url": "https://www.nngroup.com/articles/minimize-cognitive-load/", "title": "NN/g · Minimize Cognitive Load to Maximize Usability", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "status": "available", "confirmed": true, "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260910023655/https://www.nngroup.com/articles/minimize-cognitive-load/", "capturedAt": "2026-09-10T02:36:55Z", "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://www.nngroup.com/articles/minimize-cognitive-load/" } }, { "id": "nng-working-memory-external-memory", "url": "https://www.nngroup.com/articles/working-memory-external-memory/", "title": "NN/g · Working Memory and External Memory", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "status": "available", "confirmed": 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"仅凭直觉判断某设计的负荷高低，而不通过任务表现去验证", "为了显得简洁而隐藏用户当前任务确实需要的信息，转而要求其凭记忆填补" ], "tradeoff": "减少外在负荷通常需要界面承担更多状态记忆与展示成本，例如保留输入历史、重复显示信息或提供默认值；这会占用界面空间与开发成本，但能让用户把心智资源留给任务本身。", "comparison": { "focus": "完成任务时工作记忆需要承受多少心智努力，以及其中哪些来自任务本身、哪些来自呈现方式", "mechanism": "区分任务固有的内在负荷与呈现方式造成的外在负荷，优先消减后者；用外部记忆（界面状态）替代内部记忆", "cost": "由界面承担记忆与展示的实现成本，以及为验证负荷是否真正降低所需的任务表现测试" }, "sources": [ { "id": "nng-minimize-cognitive-load", "title": "NN/g · Minimize Cognitive Load to Maximize Usability", "url": "https://www.nngroup.com/articles/minimize-cognitive-load/", "claim": "认知负荷是操作系统所需的心智资源量；分为不可避免的内在负荷（吸收新信息、追踪自身目标）与应尽量减少的外在负荷（不帮助理解内容的视觉杂乱）；建议减少视觉杂乱、沿用已有心智模型、并通过展示信息或提供默认值把任务转移出用户记忆。", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://www.nngroup.com/articles/minimize-cognitive-load/", "status": "available", "checkedAt": "2026-09-16T04:10:00.000Z", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260910023655/https://www.nngroup.com/articles/minimize-cognitive-load/", "timestamp": "20260910023655" } }, { "id": "nng-working-memory-external-memory", "title": "NN/g · Working Memory and External Memory", "url": "https://www.nngroup.com/articles/working-memory-external-memory/", "claim": "工作记忆容量有限，如同格数不多的蛋托；用户在任务中途遗忘信息，往往不是疏忽，而是界面要求的心智资源超出了大脑能负担的范围；应提供外部记忆（比较表格、购物车、笔记功能等）让用户显式保存与调取任务所需信息，而不是全部依赖内部回忆。", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://www.nngroup.com/articles/working-memory-external-memory/", "status": "available", "checkedAt": "2026-09-16T04:10:00.000Z", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260906075914/https://www.nngroup.com/articles/working-memory-external-memory/", "timestamp": "20260906075914" } }, { "id": "nng-short-term-memory-and-web-usability", "title": "NN/g · Short-Term Memory and Web Usability", "url": "https://www.nngroup.com/articles/short-term-memory-and-web-usability/", "claim": "短期记忆大约只能保留 7 个组块的信息，且会在约 20 秒内消退；但这是一个常见误解的来源——限量的短期记忆并不意味着菜单也应限制在 7 项，因为用户不需要记住完整的菜单列表，菜单依靠的是识别而非回忆。", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://www.nngroup.com/articles/short-term-memory-and-web-usability/", "status": "available", "checkedAt": "2026-09-16T04:10:00.000Z", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260910194235/https://www.nngroup.com/articles/short-term-memory-and-web-usability/", "timestamp": "20260910194235" } } ], "relations": [ { "target": "recognition", "kind": "realized_by", "condition": "负荷主要来自用户需要从记忆中提取选项或操作名称", "reason": "让选项可见、依赖识别而非回忆，是降低这部分外在负荷的一种具体机制，而不是认知负荷本身。", "basis": "editorial" }, { "target": "consistency", "kind": "composes_with", "condition": "同一含义在界面各处以不同措辞或样式出现", "reason": "不一致的命名与样式会迫使用户反复判断是否指同一件事，属于可消减的外在负荷；一致性从源头减少这种判断负担。", "basis": "editorial" }, { "target": "progressive-disclosure", "kind": "realized_by", "condition": "任务包含大量选项或信息，但多数并非当前步骤必需", "reason": "按需展开次要信息可以在不删减任务本身的前提下，减少一次性呈现造成的外在负荷。", "basis": "editorial" } ], "rules": [ { "when": "任务跨越多个步骤，且后续步骤依赖前面步骤产生的信息", "instruction": "由界面保存并在需要时重新显示这些信息，不要求用户在步骤之间凭记忆携带。", "strength": "must", "basis": "editorial" }, { "when": "界面被认为“让人觉得吃力”", "instruction": "先检查并消除视觉杂乱、不一致措辞与不必要的选择等外在负荷来源，再考虑是否需要简化任务本身。", "strength": "recommend", "basis": "editorial" }, { "when": "判断某个列表、菜单或表单是否“负荷过高”", "instruction": "用实际任务表现（完成时间、出错率、放弃率）去衡量，而不是假设某个具体数量的选项是安全的。", "strength": "recommend", "basis": "editorial" } ], "principle": { "evidenceType": "认知心理学工作记忆研究与可用性文献的设计解释", "limit": "本条目不测量具体界面的认知负荷数值，也不规定任何选项数量、字数或步骤数的普适上限；“7±2”等短期记忆容量数字描述的是回忆任务，不能直接换算为界面设计的数量限制。" }, "demo": null, "version": "0.1.0", "editorialStatus": "drafted", "requirements": [], "demoCapabilities": [], "implementationNote": "本词条尚无可操作示例；插画为编辑示意。应用到产品时仍须验证：哪些信息真正需要由界面持续显示、哪些属于任务本身无法消除的内在负荷、以及简化方案是否用实际任务表现而非直觉来验证。", "image": { "src": "/images/cognitive-load.webp", "alt": "一张虚构的 FIELDNOTES 界面对比图，左半屏挤满互相竞争的信息块，右半屏只保留少量分组清晰的模块，中间隐约有一个天平的意象。" }, "searchTerms": [ "working memory", "cognition", "intrinsic load", "extraneous load", "simplification" ] } }