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        "title": "W3C · Understanding SC 3.3.4: Error Prevention (Legal, Financial, Data)",
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    "id": "error-prevention",
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    "name": {
      "zh": "错误预防",
      "en": "Error Prevention"
    },
    "aliases": [
      "Nielsen Heuristic #5",
      "防错设计",
      "Prevent Errors"
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    "granularity": "experience",
    "intents": [
      "confirm-action",
      "prevent-error"
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    "tags": [
      "启发式",
      "失误",
      "错误",
      "确认",
      "约束"
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    "definition": "好的错误信息固然重要，但更好的设计会在问题发生之前就阻止它：消除容易出错的条件，或在用户提交前检查并提供确认机会。错误分为无意识的失误（slip）与源于错误心智模型的差错（mistake），两者需要不同的预防手段。",
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      "输入被约束在合法范围内，或提供合理默认值与建议",
      "高代价或不可逆操作前有检查、确认或可撤销机制",
      "预防力度与错误代价成比例，而非一视同仁"
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      "输入存在明确的合法范围，如日期、数量、格式",
      "用户在熟练的自动化操作中容易走神，产生失误"
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      "把预防手段用在低代价、可轻易撤销的日常操作上，反而制造摩擦",
      "用警告替代本可以通过约束或默认值消除的错误条件",
      "让约束过于僵硬，以至于合法的边缘输入也被拒绝"
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    "tradeoff": "预防能减少高代价错误与挫败感，但每一道约束、确认或检查都会增加操作步骤；过度使用会让用户习惯性跳过确认，反而削弱其保护作用。",
    "comparison": {
      "focus": "错误是否能在发生前被避免",
      "mechanism": "消除易错条件，或在提交前检查与确认",
      "cost": "额外的步骤、约束的维护成本，以及对错误代价的判断"
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        "claim": "第五条启发式：最好的设计会预防问题发生，做法是消除易错条件或在用户提交前检查并提供确认；应优先预防高代价错误，用约束和默认值避免失误，用减少记忆负担、支持撤销和适当警告避免差错。",
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        "claim": "失误指用户想做某个动作却做成另一个相似动作；可用有帮助的约束、建议、良好默认值和宽容的格式来预防。",
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        "claim": "差错源于用户不正确的心智模型；可通过收集用户数据、遵循惯例、清晰的能供性、预览结果、减少记忆负担、破坏性操作前确认、支持撤销来预防。",
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        "basis": "editorial"
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        "when": "操作不可逆或代价高昂",
        "instruction": "提供可撤销、提交前检查或审阅确认三者之一。",
        "strength": "must",
        "basis": "editorial"
      },
      {
        "when": "输入有明确的合法范围或格式",
        "instruction": "优先用约束、默认值和宽容格式让失误无法发生，而不是事后警告。",
        "strength": "recommend",
        "basis": "editorial"
      },
      {
        "when": "操作是低代价、可轻易撤销的日常动作",
        "instruction": "不要弹出确认对话框；频繁确认会被习惯性跳过。",
        "strength": "recommend",
        "basis": "editorial"
      }
    ],
    "principle": {
      "evidenceType": "可用性启发式与无障碍标准的设计解释",
      "limit": "本词条不测量各预防手段的错误率降幅，也不规定何种代价阈值必须确认。"
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    "demoCapabilities": [],
    "implementationNote": "本词条尚无可操作示例；插画为编辑示意。应用到产品时仍须验证约束是否拒绝合法输入、确认是否只出现在高代价操作上，以及撤销是否真正可用。",
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      "alt": "一张虚构表单，日期字段的选择器只允许有效日期，删除按钮旁有一个小确认框并提示可撤销。"
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