{ "_description": "本文件由 data/ 生成：请改动来源文件，不要改这里。各字段的证据边界见接入指南。", "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "kind": "entry", "locale": "zh-CN", "id": "hick-hyman-law", "name": { "zh": "希克–海曼定律", "en": "Hick–Hyman Law" }, "page": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/entries/hick-hyman-law/", "self": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/entries/hick-hyman-law.json", "alternates": { "zh-CN": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/entries/hick-hyman-law.json", "en": "https://designvocabulary.com/en/entries/hick-hyman-law.json" }, "site": { "catalogSchemaVersion": "0.1.0", "entries": 158, "index": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/entries/index.json", "query": "https://designvocabulary.com/api/query?lang=zh", "guide": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/agents/", "llms": "https://designvocabulary.com/llms.txt" }, "provenance": { "sourceBacked": [ "entry.definition" ], "editorial": [ "entry.boundary", "entry.signature", "entry.when", "entry.when_not", "entry.tradeoff", "entry.comparison", "entry.rules", "entry.relations", "entry.implementationNote", "entry.principle" ], "scope": "定义参考以上来源；数字界面示例、选择建议、条件关系及配方由本样例编辑，尚未经用户研究验证。", "editorialStatus": "drafted", "specimenData": "fictional", "specimenNote": "示例为原创虚构界面；定义附来源，用法与配方为编辑建议。", "sources": [ { "id": "lawsofux-hicks-law", "url": "https://lawsofux.com/hicks-law/", "title": "Laws of UX · Hick's Law", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "status": "available", "confirmed": true, "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916230340/https://lawsofux.com/hicks-law/", "capturedAt": "2026-09-16T23:03:40Z", "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://lawsofux.com/hicks-law/" } }, { "id": "wikipedia-hicks-law", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hick%27s_law", "title": "Wikipedia · Hick's Law", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "status": "available", "confirmed": true, "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916055046/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hick%27s_law", "capturedAt": "2026-09-16T05:50:46Z", "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hick%27s_law" } }, { "id": "nng-hicks-law-long-menus", "url": "https://www.nngroup.com/videos/hicks-law-long-menus/", "title": "NN/g · Hick's Law: Designing Long Menu Lists", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "status": "available", "confirmed": true, "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916130847/https://www.nngroup.com/videos/hicks-law-long-menus/", "capturedAt": "2026-09-16T13:08:47Z", "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://www.nngroup.com/videos/hicks-law-long-menus/" } } ], "lists": [ { "id": "P-C", "edition": "classic", "seat": 6, "origin": "issue-1-ledger", "page": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/lists/P-C/", "json": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/lists/P-C.json" } ], "ordered": false, "listDisclaimer": "席位号是编辑位置，不是评分、排名或人气统计；清单未收满时保持原样，不补足。" }, "entry": { "id": "hick-hyman-law", "type": "principle", "name": { "zh": "希克–海曼定律", "en": "Hick–Hyman Law" }, "aliases": [ "Hick's Law", "希克定律", "选择反应时间定律" ], "granularity": "component", "intents": [ "reduce-complexity", "narrow-results" ], "tags": [ "决策时间", "选项数量", "对数增长", "分类分组", "视觉扫描" ], "definition": "希克–海曼定律是一个量化模型：在若干等概率、已知的选项之间做简单选择时，所需的决策时间随选项数量增加而增长，且这种增长是对数式的，而非线性——选项数量翻倍，决策时间增加但不会翻倍。", "boundary": "希克–海曼定律预测的是在数个等概率、已知选项间做出选择所需的决策时间，不是移动到目标所需的时间——后者是菲茨定律（另一独立词条），二者机制不同，常被混淆。该定律最初在实验心理学的简单选择反应任务中得出：选项在开始前就已知、彼此等可能出现，被试者已经准备好立即反应；把这一结果直接套用到用户在屏幕上视觉扫描一份菜单并从中挑选的场景并不成立——扫描列表、识别与分类选项所花的时间通常由视觉搜索主导，而不是由选项数量的对数关系主导，尤其当选项按字母或类别组织、用户依靠识别而非逐一计数比较时。因此，该定律不能被简化为“菜单选项越少，选择就越快”的通用规则；分组与命名会改变任务本身，而不只是改变选项数量。", "signature": [ "为高频、结构清晰的简单选择提供数量有限、含义明确的选项，而不是无差别地堆砌", "较长的列表按类别或字母顺序分组，让用户可以借助识别与分类而非逐一计数来选择", "复杂决策被拆分为若干步骤，每步呈现较少、彼此独立的选项" ], "when": [ "设计一次性、等概率的简单选择，例如快捷操作菜单或数量有限的操作按钮组", "评估为何一组结构简单的选择会让操作变慢，怀疑是选项数量本身造成的" ], "when_not": [ "把它当作可视化菜单或长列表选择耗时的直接预测模型——那里视觉扫描和分类占主导", "用它作为无条件删减选项、隐藏用户仍需要的功能的理由", "只关注选项总数，而忽视分组与命名对选择耗时的影响" ], "tradeoff": "减少简单选择中的等概率选项数量能缩短决策时间，但如果因此隐藏了用户仍然需要的功能或牺牲了必要的区分度，认知负担只是被转移到别处（更深的层级、更多的记忆需求）；分组与渐进呈现通常比单纯砍选项更能兼顾速度与可用性，但需要额外的设计与实现成本。", "comparison": { "focus": "从数个已知、等概率的选项中做出简单选择需要多久，而不是移动到某个目标需要多久", "mechanism": "决策时间随选项数量呈对数增长——选项数量翻倍，耗时增加但不翻倍", "cost": "分组、渐进呈现或分步选择需要额外的界面结构与设计工作，且不能替代对视觉扫描类菜单场景的实际测试" }, "sources": [ { "id": "lawsofux-hicks-law", "title": "Laws of UX · Hick's Law", "url": "https://lawsofux.com/hicks-law/", "claim": "做决策所需的时间随可选项的数量和复杂度增加而增加；建议在追求速度时精简选项、将复杂任务拆分为多个步骤，并提醒不要为求简化而丧失必要的功能。", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://lawsofux.com/hicks-law/", "status": "available", "checkedAt": "2026-09-22T14:40:30.103Z", "jobId": "spn2-ffae43e543b483815c670b893bf0f2b6fc8729c5", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916230340/https://lawsofux.com/hicks-law/", "timestamp": "20260916230340" } }, { "id": "wikipedia-hicks-law", "title": "Wikipedia · Hick's Law", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hick%27s_law", "claim": "对于等概率的选项，反应时间近似 T = b·log2(n+1)（n 为选项数，“+1”反映是否响应本身的不确定性）；该定律假设被试者采用逐步排除约一半选项的策略并已准备好立即反应；在随机排列的列表中逐词查找目标需要线性时间的视觉扫描，希克定律并不适用，但若菜单按字母顺序组织且用户已知目标名称，查找可以接近对数时间。", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hick%27s_law", "status": "available", "checkedAt": "2026-09-16T05:50:22.552Z", "jobId": "spn2-6f636ac6ae0d42af43772e05e0f5e62e69ef2ce6", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916055046/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hick%27s_law", "timestamp": "20260916055046" } }, { "id": "nng-hicks-law-long-menus", "title": "NN/g · Hick's Law: Designing Long Menu Lists", "url": "https://www.nngroup.com/videos/hicks-law-long-menus/", "claim": "选项越多，用户做决策所需的时间越长；但应对长菜单的方式是把希克定律与其他设计技巧（分组、渐进呈现等）结合使用，而不是单纯删减选项。", "checkedAt": "2026-09-15", "archive": { "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://www.nngroup.com/videos/hicks-law-long-menus/", "status": "available", "checkedAt": "2026-09-16T13:08:22.240Z", "jobId": "spn2-048b5804db8550d7003aa0f6d3097debb4c9b5b0", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916130847/https://www.nngroup.com/videos/hicks-law-long-menus/", "timestamp": "20260916130847" } } ], "relations": [ { "target": "fitts-law", "kind": "related", "condition": "同一次操作中既涉及在多个选项间做出选择，也涉及移动到已选目标", "reason": "希克–海曼定律预测选哪个选项所需的决策时间，菲茨定律预测移动到已选目标所需的移动时间；两者机制不同、常被混淆，却共同决定一次完整操作的总耗时。", "basis": "editorial" }, { "target": "recognition", "kind": "composes_with", "condition": "需要决策的选项以可识别的名称和线索呈现，而不是要求用户记忆或计数", "reason": "识别优于回忆减少了理解每个选项含义所需的时间，能让实际的决策耗时更接近简单选择反应实验的条件，而不是被额外的记忆负担拉长。", "basis": "editorial" }, { "target": "search-and-filter", "kind": "realized_by", "condition": "可选项数量较多，且难以用分组或分页压缩到少数几个", "reason": "当列表较长时，提供搜索与过滤能让用户绕开对全部选项的逐一扫描或计数，而不是仅靠减少选项数量来维持决策速度。", "basis": "editorial" } ], "rules": [ { "when": "希克–海曼定律被用来为界面决策提供依据", "instruction": "不要用它作为隐藏用户仍然需要的功能或选项的理由；先考虑分组与命名是否能改变任务本身，而不是只删减数量。", "strength": "must", "basis": "editorial" }, { "when": "一份列表因选项过多而变长", "instruction": "优先提供分组、排序或搜索/过滤等支持识别和筛选的机制，而不是仅仅缩短列表长度。", "strength": "recommend", "basis": "editorial" }, { "when": "引用希克–海曼定律来支持某个设计论点", "instruction": "说明该定律的适用范围——它源自等概率、已知选项的简单选择反应实验——避免把结论直接套用到需要视觉扫描的菜单或列表选择场景。", "strength": "recommend", "basis": "editorial" } ], "principle": { "evidenceType": "源自实验心理学简单选择反应时间研究的量化模型，在人机交互中被广泛引用", "limit": "该定律针对等概率、已知选项且被试者已准备好立即反应的简单选择任务；不直接预测需要视觉扫描、识别或分类的菜单选择时间，也不提供本样例的测量数据或具体选项数量上限。" }, "demo": null, "version": "0.1.0", "editorialStatus": "drafted", "requirements": [], "demoCapabilities": [], "implementationNote": "本词条尚无可操作示例；插画为编辑示意，用于说明决策时间随选项数量呈对数而非线性增长的趋势，不代表已验证的实现。应用到实际产品前，仍须验证：该场景是否真的接近等概率的简单选择，还是以视觉扫描和分类为主导；缩短列表是否移除了用户仍需要的功能；以及分组、排序或搜索/过滤等替代方案是否比单纯减少选项数量更有效。", "image": { "src": "/images/hick-hyman-law.webp", "alt": "一张虚构的 FIELDNOTES 界面对比图，左侧是一份含少数选项的短列表，右侧是一份选项繁多的长列表，两者之间有一条先上升后趋于平缓、而非持续陡峭攀升的曲线，暗示决策时间随选项增加呈对数而非线性增长。" }, "searchTerms": [ "decision time", "number of options", "logarithmic growth", "grouping and categorization", "visual scanning" ] } }