{ "_description": "本文件由 data/ 生成：请改动来源文件，不要改这里。各字段的证据边界见接入指南。", "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "kind": "entry", "locale": "zh-CN", "id": "norman-door", "name": { "zh": "诺曼门", "en": "Norman Door" }, "page": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/entries/norman-door/", "self": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/entries/norman-door.json", "alternates": { "zh-CN": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/entries/norman-door.json", "en": "https://designvocabulary.com/en/entries/norman-door.json" }, "site": { "catalogSchemaVersion": "0.1.0", "entries": 158, "index": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/entries/index.json", "query": "https://designvocabulary.com/api/query?lang=zh", "guide": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/agents/", "llms": "https://designvocabulary.com/llms.txt" }, "provenance": { "sourceBacked": [ "entry.definition" ], "editorial": [ "entry.boundary", "entry.signature", "entry.when", "entry.when_not", "entry.tradeoff", "entry.comparison", "entry.rules", "entry.relations", "entry.implementationNote", "entry.anti" ], "scope": "定义参考以上来源；数字界面示例、选择建议、条件关系及配方由本样例编辑，尚未经用户研究验证。", "editorialStatus": "drafted", "specimenData": "fictional", "specimenNote": "示例为原创虚构界面；定义附来源，用法与配方为编辑建议。", "sources": [ { "id": "normandoor-dote-basic-books", "url": "https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/don-norman/the-design-of-everyday-things/9780465050659/", "title": "Basic Books · The Design of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded Edition (Don Norman)", "checkedAt": "2026-10-20", "archive": { "status": "unconfirmed", "confirmed": false, "url": null, "capturedAt": null, "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20261020*/https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/don-norman/the-design-of-everyday-things/9780465050659/" } }, { "id": "normandoor-jnd-signifiers", "url": "https://jnd.org/signifiers-not-affordances/", "title": "jnd.org · Signifiers, not affordances (Don Norman)", "checkedAt": "2026-10-20", "archive": { "status": "unconfirmed", "confirmed": false, "url": null, "capturedAt": null, "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20261020*/https://jnd.org/signifiers-not-affordances/" } }, { "id": "normandoor-jnd-vox", "url": "https://jnd.org/vox-media-on-norman-doors-bad-doors-are-everywhere/", "title": "jnd.org · Vox Media on Norman Doors: Bad Doors Are Everywhere", "checkedAt": "2026-10-20", "archive": { "status": "unconfirmed", "confirmed": false, "url": null, "capturedAt": null, "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20261020*/https://jnd.org/vox-media-on-norman-doors-bad-doors-are-everywhere/" } } ], "lists": [], "ordered": false, "listDisclaimer": "席位号是编辑位置，不是评分、排名或人气统计；清单未收满时保持原样，不补足。" }, "entry": { "id": "norman-door", "type": "anti", "name": { "zh": "诺曼门", "en": "Norman Door" }, "aliases": [ "Bad Door", "Push-Pull Confusion", "推拉门困惑", "误导性指示符" ], "granularity": "component", "intents": [ "prevent-error", "audit-choice" ], "tags": [ "反模式", "指示符", "可供性", "可发现性", "实体物件" ], "definition": "外观传达的操作方式与实际操作方式相矛盾或含糊的物件：最典型的是一扇需要推、却装着拉手，只好再贴一张\"推\"字告示才能用的门。界面设计借用这个词指称同类问题——看起来可以点的不能点，看起来是普通文字的却可以点。", "boundary": "这是一个来自实体物件的词，在本目录里被当作界面词汇使用。它针对的是\"线索与操作相矛盾或缺失\"，而不是\"操作本身复杂\"：一个步骤很多、但每一步都看得明白的流程不是诺曼门。它也不同于界面干扰那类为诱导用户而故意扭曲选项显著程度的欺骗性设计：诺曼门通常出于疏忽而非意图。按 Don Norman 的区分，可供性（affordance）是物件与使用者之间可能发生的动作，指示符（signifier）是告诉人在哪里、如何动作的可感知线索；诺曼门的问题出在指示符上。判别方法是：如果一个控件需要额外的说明文字才能被正确操作，而这层意思本可以由控件的形态承担，它就是一扇诺曼门。", "signature": [ "控件的形态暗示一种操作，实际需要的是另一种（例如带拉手的门要推）", "需要附加文字或图示告示才能被正确使用", "第一次尝试经常失败，用户失败之后才找到正确操作" ], "when": [ "审查界面中哪些控件依赖说明文字才能被正确使用", "在可用性测试中解释用户为什么总在同一处点错" ], "when_not": [ "用一行说明文字修补，而不改变控件本身的形态", "把所有用户失误都归为诺曼门——有些失误来自任务本身，而非线索" ], "tradeoff": "修复的方向是让形态自己说明用法：可以点的看起来可以点，不能点的不要模仿按钮，同一种外观在整个产品中对应同一种操作。代价是视觉上的自由会受到约束——例如在扁平风格里去掉边框与阴影之后，就要用别的方式把可点击的线索补回来。", "comparison": { "focus": "物件外观传达的操作与实际操作不一致", "mechanism": "指示符缺失，或与实际可供的动作相矛盾", "cost": "用户反复试错并归咎于自己，物件只能靠附加告示勉强可用" }, "sources": [ { "id": "normandoor-dote-basic-books", "title": "Basic Books · The Design of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded Edition (Don Norman)", "url": "https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/don-norman/the-design-of-everyday-things/9780465050659/", "claim": "出版方页面列出该书为 Basic Books 于 2013 年 11 月 5 日出版的修订扩充版（ISBN 9780465050659）；简介指出，人们分不清该推、该拉还是该滑动一扇门，问题出在忽视使用者需求与认知心理的设计，而不在使用者本人，并概括了书中让控件可见、利用控件与功能之间的自然对应、善用约束等原则。本词条据此说明这一名称所指的问题来源与修复方向。", "checkedAt": "2026-10-20", "archive": { "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20261020*/https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/don-norman/the-design-of-everyday-things/9780465050659/", "status": "unconfirmed", "checkedAt": "2026-10-20T08:00:29.760Z", "error": "save-request-failed" } }, { "id": "normandoor-jnd-signifiers", "title": "jnd.org · Signifiers, not affordances (Don Norman)", "url": "https://jnd.org/signifiers-not-affordances/", "claim": "Don Norman 在这篇 2008 年发表于 ACM Interactions 的文章中说明：可供性一词由 J. J. Gibson 提出，指某一主体在环境中可能采取的动作，不论能否被察觉；他在 1988 年把这个词引入设计领域时指的是可被察觉的可供性；文中把指示符定义为物理或社会世界中能被有意义地解读的信号，并主张设计者应当提供指示符，而不是把注意力放在可供性上。本词条据此转述可供性与指示符的区分。", "checkedAt": "2026-10-20", "archive": { "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20261020*/https://jnd.org/signifiers-not-affordances/", "status": "unconfirmed", "checkedAt": "2026-10-20T08:00:30.464Z", "error": "save-request-failed" } }, { "id": "normandoor-jnd-vox", "title": "jnd.org · Vox Media on Norman Doors: Bad Doors Are Everywhere", "url": "https://jnd.org/vox-media-on-norman-doors-bad-doors-are-everywhere/", "claim": "Don Norman 的个人网站于 2016 年 2 月 27 日介绍了 Vox Media 由 Joe Posner 制作的一段视频与短文：作者描述办公室里一扇总让他开错方向的门，认为过错在门的设计而不在使用者，并主张设计良好的门不需要标签或说明；文章把这一问题与《The Design of Everyday Things》联系起来。本词条据此说明\"诺曼门\"这一称呼的日常用法；关于该称呼最早由谁提出，本词条未作核实，不作断言。", "checkedAt": "2026-10-20", "archive": { "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20261020*/https://jnd.org/vox-media-on-norman-doors-bad-doors-are-everywhere/", "status": "unconfirmed", "checkedAt": "2026-10-20T08:00:32.558Z", "error": "error:no-request", "jobId": "spn2-0d194b02226ddeb0c81d96fe2a36a01eb1206872" } } ], "relations": [ { "target": "flat-design", "kind": "related", "condition": "去掉边框、阴影等能提示可点击性的视觉线索", "reason": "扁平风格本身不是诺曼门，但在去掉线索之后没有用别的方式补回来时，最容易造出看不出能点的按钮。", "basis": "editorial" }, { "target": "consistency", "kind": "conflicts_when", "condition": "同一种外观在产品不同位置对应不同操作", "reason": "用户依据上一次的经验判断下一个相似控件，外观与操作的对应一旦不稳定，每个控件都要重新试一次。", "basis": "editorial" }, { "target": "error-prevention", "kind": "conflicts_when", "condition": "控件的形态诱发了错误的第一次尝试", "reason": "错误预防要求在用户出错之前消除误导，诺曼门恰好把误导放在了最先被看到的形态上。", "basis": "editorial" }, { "target": "pressed-state", "kind": "related", "condition": "用户需要确认某处是否可以操作", "reason": "按下态等即时反馈能在用户尝试时确认\"这里可以按\"，但它只在尝试之后出现，替代不了尝试之前的形态线索。", "basis": "editorial" } ], "rules": [ { "when": "某个控件需要附加说明才能被正确操作", "instruction": "先修改控件的形态、位置或分组，让操作方式可以从外观判断；说明文字只作补充。", "strength": "recommend", "basis": "editorial" }, { "when": "不可交互的元素在外观上模仿了按钮或链接", "instruction": "去掉这些模仿，并在整个产品中让同一种外观只对应同一种操作。", "strength": "recommend", "basis": "editorial" } ], "anti": { "harm": "让使用者反复试错并把失败归咎于自己，物件或界面只能靠附加告示勉强可用", "repair": "让形态承担说明：可操作的看起来可操作，不可操作的不模仿控件，同一种外观始终对应同一种操作；说明文字只作补充。" }, "demo": null, "version": "0.1.0", "editorialStatus": "drafted", "requirements": [], "demoCapabilities": [], "implementationNote": "本词条是警示条目，不作为设计选用建议；它源自实体物件，在本目录中用作界面词汇。插画为编辑示意，门与网页均为虚构。审查界面时，可以把每一处\"请点击此处\"或\"可点击\"之类的说明文字当作线索：它往往标出了控件形态没能说清的地方。", "image": { "src": "/images/norman-door.webp", "alt": "一张示意图：左半边是一扇装着竖直拉手的玻璃门，门上贴着一张只画有推门箭头的告示，一个简化的人形正用力拉门而门纹丝不动；右半边是一个虚构的 FIELDNOTES 网页，一段灰色占位文字被做成了按钮的样子，旁边真正可以点的链接却没有下划线或边框。" }, "searchTerms": [ "anti-pattern", "signifier", "affordance", "discoverability", "physical object" ] } }