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    "scope": "定义参考以上来源；数字界面示例、选择建议、条件关系及配方由本样例编辑，尚未经用户研究验证。",
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    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "deceptive-preselection",
        "url": "https://www.deceptive.design/types/preselection",
        "title": "Deceptive Patterns · Preselection",
        "checkedAt": "2026-09-15",
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  "entry": {
    "id": "preselection",
    "type": "anti",
    "name": {
      "zh": "操纵性预选",
      "en": "Manipulative Preselection"
    },
    "aliases": [
      "预先勾选",
      "默认选中陷阱",
      "Pre-ticked Default"
    ],
    "granularity": "component",
    "intents": [
      "audit-choice",
      "protect-privacy"
    ],
    "tags": [
      "反模式",
      "默认设置",
      "预先勾选",
      "知情同意",
      "隐私"
    ],
    "definition": "把有利于商家的选项——同意勾选框、附加项目、更贵的套餐——预先设为默认状态，利用用户不去注意或懒得修改默认值的倾向，让金钱、数据或同意在未经主动选择的情况下发生转移。",
    "boundary": "默认设置本身是必要且有用的机制，问题只出在默认值被用来转移金钱、数据或同意，却不需要用户做出主动选择。与羞辱式拒绝文案不同：本条的施压手段是默认状态本身，不依赖任何贬低性的措辞。与视觉干扰也不同：视觉干扰靠的是视觉权重让某个选项更显眼，而本条即使视觉呈现完全中性，只要默认值已经替用户做出了有利于商家的选择，问题就已经成立。",
    "signature": [
      "同意勾选框、订阅升级或数据分享选项默认已被勾选，而非留白等待用户选择",
      "结算或设置流程中默认加入了更贵的套餐、附加项目或更多数据分享，且符合商家利益而非用户已表达的偏好",
      "用户必须主动找到并取消默认项，才能回到不产生额外费用或数据分享的状态"
    ],
    "when": [
      "审查同意勾选框、订阅层级选择或数据分享开关的默认状态",
      "审查结算流程中是否存在默认加入的附加项、保险或默认选中的更贵套餐"
    ],
    "when_not": [
      "作为提高转化率或客单价的推荐手段",
      "仅因为某处使用了默认值就认定其为反模式——默认设置本身是必要机制，问题只在于它是否未经用户主动选择就转移金钱、数据或同意"
    ],
    "tradeoff": "修复时把会增加费用或分享数据的默认状态改为关闭，直到用户主动开启；同意必须通过明确的主动动作完成，而不是预先勾选后等待用户发现并取消；这会增加一次点击或选择的步骤，但把选择权交还给用户。",
    "comparison": {
      "focus": "默认状态本身是否在用户未主动选择的情况下转移金钱、数据或同意",
      "mechanism": "把有利于商家的选项预先设为默认，利用默认效应与用户的不作为",
      "cost": "用户背负未主动选择的费用、数据分享或同意，往往在事后账单或数据处理中才发现"
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "deceptive-preselection",
        "title": "Deceptive Patterns · Preselection",
        "url": "https://www.deceptive.design/types/preselection",
        "claim": "将预选定义为向用户呈现一个已经替其选定的默认选项以影响其决策，利用默认效应等认知偏差；并举出 2021 年某竞选捐款页面用预先勾选的复选框诱导用户做出额外捐款的例子。",
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          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916060004/https://deceptive.design/types/preselection/",
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      {
        "id": "gdpr-art-4-11",
        "title": "gdpr-info.eu · Art. 4 GDPR: Definitions (11) Consent",
        "url": "https://gdpr-info.eu/art-4-gdpr/",
        "claim": "第 4 条第 11 款将“同意”定义为数据主体通过声明或明确的肯定性行为，自愿、具体、知情且明确地表明同意处理其个人数据；支持本条“同意必须来自主动行为”的规则。",
        "checkedAt": "2026-09-15",
        "archive": {
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          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916052653/https://gdpr-info.eu/art-4-gdpr/",
          "timestamp": "20260916052653"
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      {
        "id": "gdpr-recital-32",
        "title": "gdpr-info.eu · Recital 32: Conditions for consent",
        "url": "https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/no-32/",
        "claim": "明确说明“沉默、预先勾选的复选框或不作为都不应构成同意”，同意应通过勾选网站上的方框等明确的肯定性行为作出；支持本条“预先勾选不构成有效同意”的判断。",
        "checkedAt": "2026-09-15",
        "archive": {
          "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/no-32/",
          "status": "available",
          "checkedAt": "2026-09-22T14:49:41.541Z",
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          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916060059/https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/no-32/",
          "timestamp": "20260916060059"
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    "relations": [
      {
        "target": "privacy-by-design",
        "kind": "conflicts_when",
        "condition": "涉及个人数据处理的默认状态被设为收集更多数据而非最小化",
        "reason": "隐私保护设计要求默认状态就是保护性最强的合理选项，操纵性预选把默认状态反过来设为有利于收集方，两者在默认值的方向上直接冲突。",
        "basis": "editorial"
      },
      {
        "target": "hidden-subscription",
        "kind": "composes_with",
        "condition": "默认预选的付费档位或加项在试用期后静默转为持续扣费",
        "reason": "预选决定了进入承诺时默认选中了什么，隐性订阅决定了这一承诺后续是否被清楚披露为持续扣费；两种机制常一起出现，应分别记录。",
        "basis": "editorial"
      },
      {
        "target": "confirmshaming",
        "kind": "related",
        "condition": "审查一个选择是否知情且自愿",
        "reason": "两者都在不通过强制手段的前提下影响自由选择，但施压方式不同：一个依赖默认状态本身，一个依赖贬低性的拒绝文案，应分别检查。",
        "basis": "editorial"
      }
    ],
    "rules": [
      {
        "when": "设计任何需要用户同意才能进行的数据处理或收费",
        "instruction": "同意必须通过用户的明确主动行为完成，选项不得预先勾选。",
        "strength": "must",
        "basis": "editorial"
      },
      {
        "when": "某个默认选项会增加费用或分享更多数据",
        "instruction": "该选项默认必须处于关闭状态，直到用户主动选择开启。",
        "strength": "must",
        "basis": "editorial"
      },
      {
        "when": "在选择发生的界面位置展示默认选项",
        "instruction": "就近清楚说明该默认选项实际会做什么，包括费用或数据用途。",
        "strength": "recommend",
        "basis": "editorial"
      }
    ],
    "anti": {
      "harm": "用户未经主动选择就承担了额外费用、数据分享或同意，往往在事后才发现",
      "repair": "把会增加费用或分享数据的默认状态改为关闭，同意通过明确的主动行为完成，并在选择发生的位置说明默认项的实际作用。"
    },
    "demo": null,
    "version": "0.1.0",
    "editorialStatus": "drafted",
    "requirements": [],
    "demoCapabilities": [],
    "implementationNote": "本条尚无可操作的样本；插画为编辑示意。应用到产品时仍须核实：默认选项是否真的可以被用户轻易发现并关闭、披露文案是否出现在选择发生的具体位置、以及所在法域对预先勾选与同意有效性的具体要求。",
    "image": {
      "src": "/images/preselection.webp",
      "alt": "一个虚构的 FIELDNOTES 结算页面，选项列表中好几个开关已经默认打开，摘要区里有一行附加项已被默认加入，旁边一个已勾选的行边有一枚细小的警示三角。"
    },
    "searchTerms": [
      "anti-pattern",
      "default settings",
      "pre-ticked",
      "informed consent",
      "privacy"
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