{
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  "id": "walled-garden",
  "name": {
    "zh": "围墙花园",
    "en": "Walled Garden"
  },
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  "self": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/entries/walled-garden.json",
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    "query": "https://designvocabulary.com/api/query?lang=zh",
    "guide": "https://designvocabulary.com/zh/agents/",
    "llms": "https://designvocabulary.com/llms.txt"
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  "provenance": {
    "sourceBacked": [
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    "editorial": [
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      "entry.signature",
      "entry.when",
      "entry.when_not",
      "entry.tradeoff",
      "entry.comparison",
      "entry.rules",
      "entry.relations",
      "entry.implementationNote",
      "entry.anti"
    ],
    "scope": "定义参考以上来源；数字界面示例、选择建议、条件关系及配方由本样例编辑，尚未经用户研究验证。",
    "editorialStatus": "drafted",
    "specimenData": "fictional",
    "specimenNote": "示例为原创虚构界面；定义附来源，用法与配方为编辑建议。",
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "walledgarden-wikipedia",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_platform",
        "title": "Wikipedia · Closed platform",
        "checkedAt": "2026-09-16",
        "archive": {
          "status": "unconfirmed",
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          "url": null,
          "capturedAt": null,
          "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916*/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_platform"
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      },
      {
        "id": "walledgarden-dma",
        "url": "https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/about-dma_en",
        "title": "European Commission · About the Digital Markets Act",
        "checkedAt": "2026-09-16",
        "archive": {
          "status": "available",
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          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916174331/https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/about-dma_en",
          "capturedAt": "2026-09-16T17:43:31Z",
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  "entry": {
    "id": "walled-garden",
    "type": "anti",
    "name": {
      "zh": "围墙花园",
      "en": "Walled Garden"
    },
    "aliases": [
      "Closed Platform",
      "Closed Ecosystem",
      "封闭生态",
      "封闭平台"
    ],
    "granularity": "experience",
    "intents": [
      "audit-exit",
      "assess-impact"
    ],
    "tags": [
      "反模式",
      "封闭",
      "互操作",
      "数据迁移",
      "锁定"
    ],
    "definition": "由单一提供方控制应用、内容与数据出入口的生态：用户与开发者在围墙之内可以用得很顺，但内容、联系人与数据难以带出去，外部的替代品也难以接进来。",
    "boundary": "本词条针对的是\"把退出与互通做难\"这一设计选择，不是对所有平台治理的反对：审核应用、限定接口、为安全设界限都可能有正当理由，而且这些理由往往是真的。区别在于围墙服务于谁——为了用户安全而设的限制，通常仍然允许用户把自己的数据带走；为了留住用户而设的限制，恰恰在这一点上最紧。因此本词条的判定标准不是\"封闭程度\"，而是\"离开的代价是否被刻意抬高\"。它与隐藏订阅这类具体的退出障碍不同：后者是流程中的一道关卡，围墙花园是整个生态层面的结构性锁定。",
    "signature": [
      "用户的内容与联系人无法以可用的形式导出",
      "外部服务无法接入，即使用户希望它接入",
      "留在生态内的体验被刻意做得比跨出去顺畅得多"
    ],
    "when": [
      "审查自有产品是否已经把离开的代价抬得过高",
      "评估是否要把关键流程押在某个封闭生态上"
    ],
    "when_not": [
      "作为提高留存或续费率的产品策略",
      "把安全审核当作不提供数据导出的理由——两者并不冲突"
    ],
    "tradeoff": "修复的方向是把离开的代价降下来：提供完整、结构化、可被其他产品读取的数据导出，公开可用的接口，并让用户自己决定接入什么。这会让留存必须靠产品本身赢得，而不是靠迁移成本换来——对用户是选择权，对产品是更硬的要求。",
    "comparison": {
      "focus": "用结构性的封闭把用户留在生态内",
      "mechanism": "控制应用、内容与数据的出入口，抬高离开的代价",
      "cost": "留存不再反映产品质量，用户也失去了选择的余地"
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "walledgarden-wikipedia",
        "title": "Wikipedia · Closed platform",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_platform",
        "claim": "该条目说明封闭平台（又称围墙花园或封闭生态）是这样一种软件系统：运营商或服务提供方控制其中的应用、内容与媒体，并限制对未获批准的应用或内容的便捷访问；与之相对的开放平台则让用户通常可以不受限制地访问应用与内容。条目还以早期移动运营商对手机上可用服务与应用的严格控制为例。本词条的定义据此转述。",
        "checkedAt": "2026-09-16",
        "archive": {
          "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916*/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_platform",
          "status": "unconfirmed",
          "checkedAt": "2026-09-16T17:42:54.471Z",
          "error": "status-request-failed",
          "jobId": "spn2-0681e8d0fb76d1fe929e3b861d41eacfaf5bf9e0"
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      {
        "id": "walledgarden-dma",
        "title": "European Commission · About the Digital Markets Act",
        "url": "https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/about-dma_en",
        "claim": "该页面说明数字市场法（DMA）是欧盟为使数字部门市场更公平、更具可竞争性而制定的法律，通过一组明确的客观标准识别\"看门人\"——提供在线搜索引擎、应用商店、即时通讯服务等核心平台服务的大型数字平台——并要求其遵守法中列出的义务与禁止事项；页面记载该法于 2022 年 9 月 14 日获欧洲议会与理事会通过、2022 年 10 月 12 日刊登于官方公报、2022 年 11 月 1 日生效、2023 年 5 月 2 日起适用。本词条据此说明这一结构性问题已进入监管视野，具体条款以法规原文为准。",
        "checkedAt": "2026-09-16",
        "archive": {
          "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916*/https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/about-dma_en",
          "status": "available",
          "checkedAt": "2026-09-16T17:43:05.226Z",
          "jobId": "spn2-7c53a47e0d39e197a3b914ad7d1d8a58af4d7383",
          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260916174331/https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/about-dma_en",
          "timestamp": "20260916174331"
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    ],
    "relations": [
      {
        "target": "obstruction",
        "kind": "related",
        "condition": "用户试图离开或把数据带走",
        "reason": "阻碍是流程中的一道具体关卡，围墙花园是生态层面的结构性锁定；后者常常正是通过前者被实施出来。",
        "basis": "editorial"
      },
      {
        "target": "user-control",
        "kind": "conflicts_when",
        "condition": "用户想把自己的内容或联系人接到别处",
        "reason": "当用户无法决定自己的数据去向时，控制权实际上在提供方而不在用户手里。",
        "basis": "editorial"
      },
      {
        "target": "single-sign-on",
        "kind": "conflicts_when",
        "condition": "产品把某个封闭生态的身份设为唯一登录方式",
        "reason": "身份入口一旦只剩一个，用户离开该生态就等于失去账户，围墙因此延伸到了本产品之外。",
        "basis": "editorial"
      },
      {
        "target": "systems-thinking",
        "kind": "composes_with",
        "condition": "评估封闭策略在更长时间尺度上的后果",
        "reason": "迁移成本带来的留存会掩盖产品自身的问题，等到监管或替代品打开围墙时，这些问题会一次性显现。",
        "basis": "editorial"
      }
    ],
    "rules": [
      {
        "when": "产品保存用户创建的内容、联系人或历史记录",
        "instruction": "提供完整、结构化、可被其他产品读取的导出，并且不要求用户逐条手动取回。",
        "strength": "must",
        "basis": "editorial"
      },
      {
        "when": "以安全或审核为由限制外部接入",
        "instruction": "写明限制的具体理由与范围，并确保它不连带阻断用户取回自有数据的能力。",
        "strength": "recommend",
        "basis": "editorial"
      }
    ],
    "anti": {
      "harm": "用迁移成本而不是产品质量留住用户：内容与联系人被困在一处，用户失去选择的余地，竞争也随之减弱",
      "repair": "提供完整、结构化、可被其他产品读取的数据导出与公开可用的接口，让用户自行决定接入什么；把限制的理由与范围写明，并确保安全审核不连带阻断数据取回。"
    },
    "demo": null,
    "version": "0.1.0",
    "editorialStatus": "drafted",
    "requirements": [],
    "demoCapabilities": [],
    "implementationNote": "本词条是警示条目，不作为设计选用建议；插画为编辑示意，其中的服务与图标均为虚构，不指向任何具体公司或产品。审查自有产品时，最直接的检验是：一个想离开的用户能否在一次操作内拿到可被别处读取的完整数据。",
    "image": {
      "src": "/images/walled-garden.webp",
      "alt": "一张示意图：一圈高墙围住内部几个相互连线的虚构服务图标，墙内的连线密集顺畅；墙外另有几个虚构服务图标，它们伸向墙内的连线在墙上断开，墙上只有一道很窄的出口。"
    },
    "searchTerms": [
      "anti-pattern",
      "closed",
      "interoperability",
      "data portability",
      "lock-in"
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