相似律

本词条尚无可操作示例；插画为编辑示意，应用到产品时仍须验证语义分组与无障碍标注。

{
  "evidenceType": "感知原则的设计解释",
  "limit": "本词条不测量各属性的分组强度，也不规定颜色或尺寸的具体取值。"
}

{
  "id": "similarity",
  "type": "principle",
  "name": {
    "zh": "相似律",
    "en": "Similarity"
  },
  "aliases": [
    "Gestalt Similarity",
    "Law of Similarity",
    "相似原则",
    "相似性原则"
  ],
  "granularity": "component",
  "intents": [
    "organize-content",
    "reduce-complexity"
  ],
  "tags": [
    "分组",
    "视觉属性",
    "格式塔",
    "一致性",
    "视觉关系"
  ],
  "definition": "共享颜色、形状、大小等视觉特征的元素容易被感知为相关的一组，即使它们在位置上并不相邻。",
  "boundary": "相似律的分组线索是视觉属性，不是距离；它常被接近律或共同区域压过，也不替代语义标签、标题和无障碍分组信息。",
  "signature": [
    "同类元素共享颜色、形状或尺寸",
    "不同类元素在至少一个属性上明确区分",
    "打破相似性的元素成为视觉焦点"
  ],
  "when": [
    "同类操作或内容分散在不同位置，需要跨区域表达关联",
    "希望让链接、按钮、标签等同一功能的元素被一眼识别",
    "需要用有意的差异突出单个关键操作"
  ],
  "when_not": [
    "用相同样式暗示功能上并不相关的元素",
    "把交互色同时用于不可交互的装饰元素",
    "只靠颜色区分分组，而不提供形状、文字等第二线索"
  ],
  "tradeoff": "视觉一致性能跨位置传达关联，但相似过度会让无关元素被误读为同组，也会削弱需要突出的元素。",
  "comparison": {
    "focus": "哪些元素在功能或类别上属于一类",
    "mechanism": "共享视觉属性影响感知分组",
    "cost": "需要维护属性系统的一致性，并为颜色线索提供备份"
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "nng-similarity",
      "title": "NN/g · Similarity Principle in Visual Design",
      "url": "https://www.nngroup.com/articles/gestalt-similarity/",
      "claim": "共享视觉特征的元素被感知为更相关；颜色、形状、大小是主要相似线索，且相似律常被接近律或共同区域压过。",
      "checkedAt": "2026-09-15",
      "archive": {
        "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://www.nngroup.com/articles/gestalt-similarity/",
        "status": "available",
        "checkedAt": "2026-09-15T18:16:37.904Z",
        "jobId": "spn2-86531ce9f6d3d10485b70771380897121c6bc99c",
        "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915181904/https://www.nngroup.com/articles/gestalt-similarity/",
        "timestamp": "20260915181904"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "ixdf-gestalt",
      "title": "IxDF · What are the Gestalt Principles?",
      "url": "https://ixdf.org/literature/topics/gestalt-principles",
      "claim": "共享表面特征（形状、颜色、大小）的元素被感知为一组；可有意打破相似性来突出行动号召。",
      "checkedAt": "2026-09-15",
      "archive": {
        "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://ixdf.org/literature/topics/gestalt-principles",
        "status": "unconfirmed",
        "checkedAt": "2026-09-15T18:06:59.312Z",
        "error": "status-request-failed",
        "jobId": "spn2-73fe8a649c9ddc92338f9f7177e4ee0255676b89"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "smashing-gestalt",
      "title": "Smashing Magazine · Design Principles: Visual Perception And The Principles Of Gestalt",
      "url": "https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2014/03/design-principles-visual-perception-and-the-principles-of-gestalt/",
      "claim": "相似特征包括颜色、形状、大小、纹理；差异可用作焦点以强调元素。",
      "checkedAt": "2026-09-15",
      "archive": {
        "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2014/03/design-principles-visual-perception-and-the-principles-of-gestalt/",
        "status": "available",
        "checkedAt": "2026-09-15T18:07:23.177Z",
        "jobId": "spn2-6a63687ff50fcbb4c132638ee0b4c05237b75c63",
        "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915180846/https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2014/03/design-principles-visual-perception-and-the-principles-of-gestalt/",
        "timestamp": "20260915180846"
      }
    }
  ],
  "relations": [
    {
      "target": "proximity",
      "kind": "related",
      "condition": "同时使用距离与视觉属性表达分组",
      "reason": "接近律依靠距离，相似律依靠共享属性；两者冲突时距离常占上风，需保持线索一致。",
      "basis": "editorial"
    },
    {
      "target": "swiss",
      "kind": "composes_with",
      "condition": "排版系统以统一字号与色彩分层",
      "reason": "一致的文字样式让同级内容跨页面被识别为同类。",
      "basis": "editorial"
    },
    {
      "target": "inclusive-design",
      "kind": "informs",
      "condition": "分组线索依赖颜色",
      "reason": "颜色相似性对色觉差异用户可能失效，需要形状或文字备份。",
      "basis": "editorial"
    }
  ],
  "rules": [
    {
      "when": "用颜色表达分组或可交互性",
      "instruction": "不要只依赖颜色；同时提供形状、图标或文字等第二线索。",
      "strength": "must",
      "basis": "editorial"
    },
    {
      "when": "为同一功能的元素定义样式",
      "instruction": "让它们共享一致的视觉属性，并避免把该样式用于功能不同的元素。",
      "strength": "recommend",
      "basis": "editorial"
    }
  ],
  "principle": {
    "evidenceType": "感知原则的设计解释",
    "limit": "本词条不测量各属性的分组强度，也不规定颜色或尺寸的具体取值。"
  },
  "demo": null,
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "editorialStatus": "drafted",
  "requirements": [],
  "demoCapabilities": [],
  "implementationNote": "本词条尚无可操作示例；插画为编辑示意，应用到产品时仍须验证语义分组与无障碍标注。",
  "image": {
    "src": "/images/similarity.webp",
    "alt": "等距排列的圆形与方形网格，同色或同形的元素虽不相邻仍被看作一组。"
  },
  "searchTerms": [
    "grouping",
    "visual attributes",
    "Gestalt",
    "consistency",
    "visual relationships"
  ]
}