以人为中心的设计

尚无可操作样例；插图为编辑示意。应用到产品时仍须核实：是否接触到真实使用者、迭代是否真的改变了方案、以及评估记录是否可追溯。

{
  "values": [
    "理解人与情境",
    "迭代学习",
    "解决正确的问题"
  ],
  "tension": "跟随个别使用者与服务整体活动",
  "questions": [
    "我们理解的是真实使用者，还是团队想象中的用户？",
    "这一轮评估的结果改变了什么？"
  ]
}

{
  "id": "human-centered-design",
  "type": "philosophy",
  "name": {
    "zh": "以人为中心的设计",
    "en": "Human-Centered Design"
  },
  "aliases": [
    "HCD",
    "人本设计",
    "Human-Centred Design"
  ],
  "granularity": "experience",
  "intents": [
    "understand-users",
    "include-users"
  ],
  "tags": [
    "用户研究",
    "迭代",
    "原型",
    "情境",
    "评估"
  ],
  "definition": "把要服务的人及其情境放在设计过程中心：先理解人的需求与所处系统，再通过原型与真实使用者反复试验、评估和修正，而不是先定方案再找用户验收。",
  "boundary": "与包容性设计相邻但更宽：包容性设计聚焦识别排除与能力差异，以人为中心的设计是围绕需求、情境与评估展开的整体迭代方法。它也不等于某一套固定流程；Norman 强调它是原则与心态，而非按步骤走完即可。",
  "signature": [
    "方案来自对人和情境的直接观察与理解",
    "用低成本原型尽早与使用者一起试验",
    "评估结果回流为下一轮修改"
  ],
  "when": [
    "问题定义尚不清楚，需要先弄清要解决的是哪个根本问题",
    "产品服务的人群与团队自身经验差距较大",
    "有条件接触真实使用者并进行多轮试验"
  ],
  "when_not": [
    "把访谈或可用性测试当作交付前的一次性验收",
    "只关注个别用户表达的偏好而忽视活动本身与整体系统",
    "无法接触真实使用者却声称已经以人为中心"
  ],
  "tradeoff": "多轮研究与评估会延长周期并增加协调成本；过度跟随个别用户的即时反馈也可能牺牲整体活动的一致性。",
  "comparison": {
    "focus": "人的需求、情境与整体系统",
    "mechanism": "理解、原型、评估的循环迭代",
    "cost": "需要持续接触使用者与多轮修改"
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "ideo-design-kit",
      "title": "IDEO.org · Design Kit: What is Human-Centered Design?",
      "url": "https://www.designkit.org/human-centered-design.html",
      "claim": "把以人为中心的设计描述为围绕同理心的创造性解决问题方法，分为灵感、构思、实施三个阶段，强调原型并把成果带回给所服务的人。",
      "checkedAt": "2026-09-15",
      "archive": {
        "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://www.designkit.org/human-centered-design.html",
        "status": "pending",
        "checkedAt": "2026-09-15T18:16:39.671Z",
        "error": "status-request-failed",
        "jobId": "spn2-4a767f10b2d8404b048f5b766a72069d3abf7dd2"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "nng-norman-hcd-principles",
      "title": "NN/g · Principles of Human-Centered Design (Don Norman)",
      "url": "https://www.nngroup.com/videos/principles-human-centered-design-don-norman/",
      "claim": "Norman 指出以人为中心的设计不在于遵循流程，而在于时刻关注人与整体系统、解决正确的问题；具体的迭代规则是本条目的编辑应用。",
      "checkedAt": "2026-09-15",
      "archive": {
        "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://www.nngroup.com/videos/principles-human-centered-design-don-norman/",
        "status": "available",
        "checkedAt": "2026-09-15T18:17:19.009Z",
        "jobId": "spn2-ef99a1ac210293e8296c11fa021d57304232c0f8",
        "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915181743/https://www.nngroup.com/videos/principles-human-centered-design-don-norman/",
        "timestamp": "20260915181743"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "jnd-hcd-considered-harmful",
      "title": "Don Norman · Human-Centered Design Considered Harmful",
      "url": "https://jnd.org/human-centered-design/",
      "claim": "提出\"了解你的用户\"是该方法的核心原则并承认其可用性收益，同时批评过度关注个别用户可能忽视活动本身，支持本条目的张力与 when_not。",
      "checkedAt": "2026-09-15",
      "archive": {
        "lookupUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260915*/https://jnd.org/human-centered-design/",
        "status": "unconfirmed",
        "checkedAt": "2026-09-15T18:17:22.991Z",
        "error": "status-request-failed",
        "jobId": "spn2-693fca976ff7210c94ed8b2b8c69f63e251a2e15"
      }
    }
  ],
  "relations": [
    {
      "target": "inclusive-design",
      "kind": "composes_with",
      "condition": "确定研究与评估的参与者",
      "reason": "以人为中心的迭代若只邀请典型用户，仍可能复制排除；包容性设计补上识别差异的视角。",
      "basis": "editorial"
    },
    {
      "target": "calm-technology",
      "kind": "informs",
      "condition": "决定信息何时进入注意中心",
      "reason": "对使用情境的直接观察是判断打断是否合理的依据。",
      "basis": "editorial"
    },
    {
      "target": "recognition",
      "kind": "realized_by",
      "condition": "评估中发现用户依赖记忆完成任务",
      "reason": "把选项与状态变得可见是迭代中常见的具体修正。",
      "basis": "editorial"
    }
  ],
  "rules": [
    {
      "when": "开始定义要解决的问题",
      "instruction": "先在真实情境中观察和理解使用者，再确定问题与方案。",
      "strength": "recommend",
      "basis": "editorial"
    },
    {
      "when": "宣称设计以人为中心",
      "instruction": "必须能说明与哪些使用者一起评估过、修改了什么。",
      "strength": "must",
      "basis": "editorial"
    },
    {
      "when": "用户的即时偏好与其整体活动冲突",
      "instruction": "回到活动与系统层面判断，而不是逐条满足反馈。",
      "strength": "recommend",
      "basis": "editorial"
    }
  ],
  "philosophy": {
    "values": [
      "理解人与情境",
      "迭代学习",
      "解决正确的问题"
    ],
    "tension": "跟随个别使用者与服务整体活动",
    "questions": [
      "我们理解的是真实使用者，还是团队想象中的用户？",
      "这一轮评估的结果改变了什么？"
    ]
  },
  "demo": null,
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "editorialStatus": "drafted",
  "requirements": [],
  "demoCapabilities": [],
  "implementationNote": "尚无可操作样例；插图为编辑示意。应用到产品时仍须核实：是否接触到真实使用者、迭代是否真的改变了方案、以及评估记录是否可追溯。",
  "image": {
    "src": "/images/human-centered-design.webp",
    "alt": "几位抽象人物围坐在摆着草图和原型的桌旁，周围的箭头连成一个迭代循环。"
  },
  "searchTerms": [
    "user research",
    "iteration",
    "prototyping",
    "context",
    "evaluation"
  ]
}